6_独立主格
笔记向,文章内容源自视频:英语语法精讲合集 (全面, 通俗, 有趣 | 从零打造系统语法体系)
[TOC]
非谓语动词对从句简化
在说独立主格之前先复习下非谓语动词对从句的简化:
Because he was invited by the wolf, the rabbit decided to go to the party.
使用非谓语动词简化:
Invited by the wolf, the rabbit decided to go to the party.
Invite这个动作和the rabbit之间是被动关系,所以使用过去分词invited。
独立主格概念
非谓语动词简化从句和独立主格有啥关系,再来看下面这句:
Because the wolf invited him, the rabbit decided to go to the party.
这里就要注意了,后面的主句中主语是the rabbit,前面的原因状语从句中是the wolf,那该怎么简化?
前面的“Because the wolf invited him”可以使用非谓语动词简化,又由于the wolf和invite是主动的关系,所以使用现在分词,所以简化后就是:The wolf inviting him, the rabbit decided to go to the party.
语法上把the wolf称为动词invite的逻辑主语,而这就是“独立主格”中的“主格”。“独立”是因为the wolf 游离于真正的主语the rabbit之外。
独立主格结构对从句的简化
接下来细看一下独立主格结构对从句的简化
-
If the weather permits, the rabbit will go out. 条件状语从句
The weather permitting, the rabbit will go out.
-
After the work was finished, the rabbit went home. 时间状语从句
The work finished, the rabbit went home.
-
The rabbit is lying in bed and a carrot is still held in his hand. 这是and引导的并列句,有两个主语,两个动作同时发生,相当于伴随的状况
The rabbit is lying in bed, a carrot still held in his hand.
独立主格形式
前面说了那么多,实际上只是独立主格的两种形式,实际上它还有很多副面孔,如下:
-
名词/代词 + 现在分词
-
名词/代词 + 过去分词
-
名词/代词 + 动词不定式
动词不定式表示将要发生的动作
-
名词/代词 + 名词
-
名词/代词 + 形容词
-
名词/代词 + 副词
-
名词/代词 + 介词短语
-
…
示例:
-
名词/代词 + 动词不定式
The rabbit to come, the wolf is overjoyed.
-
名词/代词 + 名词
Many animals went to the party, some of them rabbits and wolves.
注意,这里因为是不定代词(短语),后面才能直接跟名词/形容词
-
名词/代词 + 形容词
Many animals went to the party, some of them happy.
-
名词/代词 + 副词
The rabbit sat on a chair, head down.
-
名词/代词 + 介词短语
The rabbit came in, carrot in hand.
以上这些句子除了“名词/代词 + 动词不定式”,它们实际上更像是,包含be动词的独立主格,也就是名词/代词 + be动词的现在分词being,然后再把being省略掉,比如:
- Many animals went to the party, some of them being rabbits and wolves.
- Many animals went to the party, some of them being happy.
- The rabbit sat on a chair, head being down.
- The rabbit came in, carrot being in hand.
独立主格形式与非谓语从句
独立主格的主要形式还是不能脱离非谓语动词这一概念,
- 过去分词表示逻辑主语和动作是一种被动,完成的关系
- 现在分词表示逻辑主语和动作是一种主动,进行的关系
- 动词不定式表示逻辑主语将要发生的动作
- 其他的形式更像是省略了现在分词being的一种简化形式
with+宾语+宾补
你可能经常会见到with+宾语+宾语补足语这样的复合结构,其实它就是独立主格结构,比如还是这句:
The work finished, the rabbit went home.
可以直接加上with来表达
With the work finished, the rabbit went home.
也就是说,这个例子里,with是可以省略掉的。通常英语独立主格结构省略with后,甚至也会进一步简化句子结构,比如:
The rabbit came in, with a carrot in his hand.
省略with后进一步简化:
The rabbit came in, carrot in hand. 连冠词a和物主代词his都省略掉了。