目录

26_省略

笔记向,文章内容源自视频:英语语法精讲合集 (全面, 通俗, 有趣 | 从零打造系统语法体系)

[TOC]

前言

不管是中国人还是外国人,平时说话写作的时候,都会经常省略“整句”的某些元素,从而让表达更简洁,不至于重复啰嗦。接下来咱们就来看下英语中最主要的“省略”方式。

词法上的省略

冠词的省略

独一无二

在某个范围内,独一无二的称号/身份前的定冠词可以省略,比如chairman,president,head,这样的职位往往就那么一个,所以可以省略之前的the

  • The rabbit was appointed (the) chairman of the Carrotown Committee.
  • The wolf served as (the) head of our team.

并列关系

  • Both the rabbit and (the) wolf will be invited to the party.
  • Is this bunny a boy or (a) girl?

上面两句中,两个并列的名词前有相同的冠词,那么在不引发歧义的情况下,第二个冠词可省略。

注意,有时候用and连接两个表示性质身份的名词时,有可能指的是同一个人或事物,那么有无冠词往往是不同的意思,不能随意省略,如:

  • a teacher and video creator 一个人(两个身份)
  • a teacher and a video creator 两个人

某些独立主格结构

The rabbit came in, carrot in hand. 省略前:The rabbit came in, with a carrot in his hand.

介词的省略

时间介词

最常见的省略介词的情况就是时间介词,如:

  • I ate 10 carrots (on) that day.
  • I worked (for) 60 hours (in) last week.

“做某事”

很多表达动作中的介词往往也可有可无,通常等于动名词转换成了现在分词,如:

  • I am busy (in) making videos. 我正忙着做视频
  • There’s no use (in) crying over spilled milk. 覆水难收(英文谚语,字面意思:牛奶泼出来就没办法了)

不定式的省略

并列关系

和之前看到的省略并列关系中的冠词类似

He want to stay here and (to) read.

裸不定式

  • The wolf helped me (to) eat the carrot. 可加可不加to
  • The wolf made me to watch the video. 使役动词,必须裸不定式

从句引导词的省略

从句里的很多引导词可以被省略,比如定语从句,关系代词在从句中作宾语可以省略

This is the rabbit (that) we met yesterday.

再比如宾语从句中的that也可以省略

The rabbit said (that) the carrots were tasty.

句法上的省略

跟前面说的省略个别单词不同,这一部分讲的是句子中某些成分的省略。

简单句中的省略

祈使句

Open the door, please. 省略前 You open the door, please.

省略主语you是祈使句的典型特征。

感叹句

What a smart rabbit! 省略前 What a smart rabbit he is! 省略了主语和谓语动词

How time flies! 省略前 How fast time flies! 省略了副词fast

口语表达

在一些口语表达中,力求简洁,可省略很多重复的部分,往往各种句子中成分都可能被省略,比如:

  • - What did you eat? - A carrot. 省略前 I ate a carrot. 这里省略了主语+谓语动词
  • - Who ate the carrot? - The rabbit. 省略前The rabbit ate the carrot. 这里省略了谓语+宾语
  • - Who is David? - I am. 省略前I am David. 省略了表语
  • - Whould you like to eat a carrot? - Yes, I'd like to. 省略前Yes, I’d like to eat a carrot. 这里省略了宾语不定式中的一部分,但是保留了to。

如果很明显主句的主语是我,即I am… 那么I am也可以省略,

(I am) sorry to hear that.

并列句中的省略

并列句中第二个或者后几个成分中,重复的部分,就可以省略,比如:

  • The rabbit went home after work, and (the rabbit) ate a carrot.

    并列句第二部分主语还是the rabbit,所以可以省略

  • The rabbit has eaten a carrot, but the wolf hasn’t (eaten a carrot).

    这里谓语动词和宾语是相同的,所以可省略

  • The story made the rabbit happy, but (the story made) the wolf sad.

    这里省略了主语+谓语动词

  • The rabbit likes carrots and the wolf (likes) apples.

    这里省略了谓语动词

复杂句中的省略

从句

  • The rabbit will eat the carrot, but I don’t know when (he will eat it). 宾语从句的省略

    这里省略了宾语从句中疑问代词后面的整个部分

  • When young, the rabbit went to school every day. 时间状语从句的省略

    省略前:When the rabbit was young, he went to school every day.

    主句和从句说的都是the rabbit,但是光省略the rabbit显然不合适(When was young比较奇怪),所以这种情况下干脆连be动词也省略,he要变成the rabbit,否则就不知道he是谁了。

  • If (it is) possible, I’ll be there on time. 条件状语从句的省略

  • I can eat more carrot than you (can eat carrots). 比较状语从句的省略

    同理,You are smater than I (am smart).

主句

1、省略整个主句

1
2
- Shall I give you a thumbs-up?
- If you'd like (you can give me a thumbs-up). 如果你愿意的话。