25_强调
笔记向,文章内容源自视频:英语语法精讲合集 (全面, 通俗, 有趣 | 从零打造系统语法体系)
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概述
所谓“强调”,就是用某种方法,突出一句话中包含的多个信息中的某一个信息。接下来讨论的实际上是涵盖面较广的英语中的“强调表达”,而并不是某一特定的句式
强调方法
口气
口语中将需要强调的内容着重说出来
Rabbits like carrots. 这三个单词分别着重读,会有不同的表达意思
- Rabbits 强调是兔子 而不是大灰狼 喜欢胡萝卜
- like 强调 兔子喜欢 而不是 讨厌 胡萝卜
- carrots 强调兔子喜欢的是胡萝卜 而不是 大白菜
还可以用感叹词来强调,这儿强调的是一件事
- Wow, rabbits like carrots!
- Oh my god, rabbits like carrots!
- Bloody hell, rabbits like carrots!
书面格式
通过标点符号,粗体,斜体,大小写进行强调,如:
以上强调都是“广义”的强调,即不增添句子信息,不改变句子结构,来作强调。
词汇强调
添加强调词
词汇强调是平时最常见的强调方式,比如:
-
really adv. 实在,真正地,事实上
Rabbits really like carrots! 通过附加词really强调谓语动词like
-
very adv. 很 adj.恰好的;最…的
I eat very fast! 用very强调fast,如果觉得very fast还不够强调,那么可以多强调几次 I eat very, very, very fast!
very不仅能强调副词还能强调名词,如:I missed the very begining of the movie.我错过了电影刚刚开始那一段。
-
just adv.刚才;正好;简直
This is just unbelievable! 这绝对难以置信! just强调 形容词unbelievable
-
ever adv.曾经
All I ever wanted is that carrot. 那根胡萝卜就是我想要的 这里ever强调非谓语动词wanted
-
…
What in the world are you talking about? 你到底在说什么?
in the world = on earth 不要翻译成字面意思,这里只是表强调,如果语气再重点就变成 the hell
What the hell are you talking about? 如果再进一步,可以使用fuck代替
What the fuck are you talking about?
上面的really,very,just,ever也可以使用fuck代替,语气更重,如This is fuck unbelievable!
fuck非常灵活,还可以说成
-This is un-fucking-believable! -Yeah, abso-fucking-lutely!
重复单词
有时候还能重复某个词作强调,比如:
- He went on and on and on. 他说个不停
- He walked and walked and walked. 他走个不停
助动词强调谓语动词
如果要强调谓语动词,那么可以在肯定句里也使用助动词do/does,比如
Rabbits do like carrots! do与really强调的区别是do没有添加额外信息
强调代词
比较
- I do it myself!
- I myself went there!
和
- I saw myself in the mirror.
前两句中的myself主要目的是强调,从句中去除也不影响句意,但是第三句就不行。因此有的语法体系也把这样的myself归类为代词中的“强调代词”,而不是算作“反身代词”。
句式强调
倒装
如果想强调正常语序中出现的某个信息,那么往往可以把它提前,也就构成了倒装句,比如:
- I did not eat a single carrot yesterday. => Not a single carrot did I eat yesterday. 句首否定意思,部分倒装
- I have never met a wolf. => Never have I met a wolf. 同上
- You go off! => Off you go! 形式倒装
- The wolf comes here! => Here comes the wolf! 句首是地点副词,完全倒装
感叹句
感叹句其实本来就自带强调功能,如:
- The carrot is big! => How big the carrot is! 强调形容词big
- You’ve grown a big carrot! => What a big carrot you’ve grown! 强调整个宾语a big carrot
强调句式 it + be动词 + that… 句式
这个强调句式很重要,有人甚至将该句式理解为“狭义的”强调句,称作看个例子
The rabbit will eat the carrot.
如果要强调the rabbit可以这样:It is the rabbit who/that will eat the carrot.
这里有个很明显的定语从句 who/that will eat the carrot 修饰the rabbit,主句其实就是主系表结构:It is the rabbit
这个句式的好处就是可以强调句子中的各种成分。
再看个例子,I met a lovely rabbit in the field this morning.
-
强调主语
It was I that/who met a lovely rabbit in the field this morning.
-
强调宾语
It was a lovely rabbit that/who I met in the field this morning.
-
强调地点状语in the field
It was in the field that/where I met a lovely rabbit this morning.
-
强调时间状语this morning
It was this morning that/when I met a lovely rabbit in the field.
可以看到,这个句式的精髓就是不管想要强调什么,移到开头去,用
It + be动词(要相应变位) + 要强调的信息 + that 引导的从句补全剩余信息
示例中最后两个强调句中that引导的部分的归类是有争议的,有的语法体系不认为这些属于状语从句,所以特别指出一下,不过个人认为可以用状语从句的思路去辅助理解
那么如何强调动词met和形容词lovely呢?可以使用之前讲到的词汇强调:
-
I did meet a lovely rabbit in the field this morning.
-
I met a really lovely rabbit in the field this morning.
What a lovely rabbit I met in the field this morning.
How lovely the rabbit I met in the field this morning.
特殊疑问句中的强调句
它的构成我们可以简单地看成,特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(也就是把be动词提前)。
举个例子大家就知道了,
It is next week that I will pay a visit to the company.
pay a visit to 探望;去参观,摆放
这是一个强调句,强调的是时间状语next week,如果我们对next week提问,就是下面这个句子,
When is it that you will pay a visit to the company?
练习
You are so careless! 如果强调you,那么可以使用it句式
It is you who are so careless!