23_语态
笔记向,文章内容源自视频:英语语法精讲合集 (全面, 通俗, 有趣 | 从零打造系统语法体系)
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语态主要分为两种
- 主动语态,强调动作执行者
- 被动语态,强调动作承受者
被动语态构成
被动语态的构成是通过谓语动词的变化完成,接下来通过5种基本句型来看被动语态是怎么构成的
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主语+动词
The rabbit slept.
sleep是不及物动词,没有动作承受者,所以也没有被动语态
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主语+动词+宾语
The rabbit ate the carrot.
The rabbit 是动作ate的执行者,the carrot是动作ate的承受者,改成被动语态就是强调动作的承受者:
The carrot was eaten by the rabbit.
被动语态:be + 动词过去分词
如果还需要表明动作的执行者是谁,则要加by:be + 动词过去分词 + by + 动作执行者
很多情况下,无需表明“被谁…”这一概念,例如:A carrot was eaten. 这个和 过去分词作表语 The rabbit was frightened. (可以理解成The rabbit was frightened by the wolf),所以过去分词表被动的意义和被动语态脱不了干系。
被动语态和过去分词作表语的区别主要是以下两点:
- 含义不同:被动语态强调动作,重点说明动作由谁完成、怎样完成;而过去分词作表语通常用来描写情景,叙述人或事物的特征及所处的状态。
- 用法不同:过去分词作表语时可以被 so,very,too等程度副词修饰,而被动语态则不能用so,very,too修饰,而需用much,very much,so much,too much修饰。
具体来说:
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过去分词用作表语时,其动作意味很弱,在功能上更接近形容词,它不仅可用于系动词be之后,也可根据需要用于其他系动词之后。如:
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Be prepared! 大家准备好!
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Please remain seated. 请不要站起来。
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He seemed embarrassed. 他似乎有点尴尬。
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Soon he grew used to it. 不久他变得对它习惯了。
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被动语态中的过去分词动作意味较强,它只能与助动词be(有时可能是get)构成被动结构,不宜用于其他动词之后。如:
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He was driven away in a police car. 他被用警车带走了。
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The guests were introduced to Jane. 客人们被介绍给了简。
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The food was cooked last night. 饭是昨天晚上做的。
所以如果语义需要,其后可以接表示动作执行者的by短语。如:
- He was killed by a falling stone. 他被一块掉下来的石头砸死了。
- This tree was planted by my grandfather. 这棵树是我祖父种的
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主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
The rabbit gave the wolf the carrot.
如果要强调间接宾语:The wolf was given the carrot by the rabbit.
如果要强调直接宾语:The carrot was given to the wolf by the rabbit.
如果都知道动作执行者是the rabbit,也可以省略by+动作执行者
The wolf was given the carrot.
The carrot was given to the wolf.
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主语+动词+宾语+宾语补语
The wolf invited the rabbit to her party.
改为被动态:The rabbit was invited to the party by the wolf.
需要注意主动态中宾语是裸不定式改成被动态需要将to还原,所以有:
The rabbit made the wolf laugh. => The wolf was made to laugh by the rabbit.
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主语+动词(系动词)+主语补语(表语)
The rabbit is smart.
没有动作承受者,也就没有被动语态
更复杂的被动态
被动态和时态,语气,情态动词相结合
归根结底,这些变位,主要是针对构成被动语态所需的“be动词”的变位,所以也是很有规律的
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时态举例
The rabbit has eaten the carrot.
被动:The carrot has been eaten by the rabbit.
否定:The carrot has not been eaten by the rabbit.
一般疑问:Has the carrot been eaten by the rabbit?
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语气举例
The rabbit would have eaten the carrot.
被动:The carrot would have been eaten by the rabbit.
否定:The carrot would have not been eaten by the rabbit.
一般疑问:Would the carrot have been eaten by the rabbit?
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情态动词
The rabbit might eat the carrot.
被动:The carrot might been eaten by the rabbit.
否定:The carrot might not been eaten by the rabbit.
一般疑问:Might the carrot been eaten by the rabbit?