笔记向，文章内容源自视频：英语语法精讲合集 (全面, 通俗, 有趣 | 从零打造系统语法体系)

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语态主要分为两种

• 主动语态，强调动作执行者
• 被动语态，强调动作承受者

被动语态构成

被动语态的构成是通过谓语动词的变化完成，接下来通过5种基本句型来看被动语态是怎么构成的

• 主语+动词

  The rabbit slept.

  sleep是不及物动词，没有动作承受者，所以也没有被动语态

• 主语+动词+宾语

  The rabbit ate the carrot.

  The rabbit 是动作ate的执行者，the carrot是动作ate的承受者，改成被动语态就是强调动作的承受者：

  The carrot was eaten by the rabbit.

  被动语态：be + 动词过去分词

  如果还需要表明动作的执行者是谁，则要加by：be + 动词过去分词 + by + 动作执行者

  很多情况下，无需表明“被谁…”这一概念，例如：A carrot was eaten. 这个和 过去分词作表语 The rabbit was frightened. （可以理解成The rabbit was frightened by the wolf），所以过去分词表被动的意义和被动语态脱不了干系。

  被动语态和过去分词作表语的区别主要是以下两点:

  1. 含义不同：被动语态强调动作，重点说明动作由谁完成、怎样完成；而过去分词作表语通常用来描写情景，叙述人或事物的特征及所处的状态。
  2. 用法不同：过去分词作表语时可以被 so，very，too等程度副词修饰，而被动语态则不能用so，very，too修饰，而需用much，very much，so much，too much修饰。

  具体来说：

  1. 过去分词用作表语时，其动作意味很弱，在功能上更接近形容词，它不仅可用于系动词be之后，也可根据需要用于其他系动词之后。如：

     • Be prepared! 大家准备好!

     • Please remain seated. 请不要站起来。

     • He seemed embarrassed. 他似乎有点尴尬。

     • Soon he grew used to it. 不久他变得对它习惯了。

  2. 被动语态中的过去分词动作意味较强，它只能与助动词be（有时可能是get）构成被动结构，不宜用于其他动词之后。如：

     • He was driven away in a police car. 他被用警车带走了。

     • The guests were introduced to Jane. 客人们被介绍给了简。

     • The food was cooked last night. 饭是昨天晚上做的。

     所以如果语义需要，其后可以接表示动作执行者的by短语。如：

     • He was killed by a falling stone. 他被一块掉下来的石头砸死了。
     • This tree was planted by my grandfather. 这棵树是我祖父种的

• 主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语

  The rabbit gave the wolf the carrot.

  如果要强调间接宾语：The wolf was given the carrot by the rabbit.

  如果要强调直接宾语：The carrot was given to the wolf by the rabbit.

  如果都知道动作执行者是the rabbit，也可以省略by+动作执行者

  The wolf was given the carrot.

  The carrot was given to the wolf.

• 主语+动词+宾语+宾语补语

  The wolf invited the rabbit to her party.

  改为被动态：The rabbit was invited to the party by the wolf.

  需要注意主动态中宾语是裸不定式改成被动态需要将to还原，所以有：

  The rabbit made the wolf laugh. => The wolf was made to laugh by the rabbit.

• 主语+动词（系动词）+主语补语（表语）

  The rabbit is smart.

  没有动作承受者，也就没有被动语态

更复杂的被动态

被动态和时态，语气，情态动词相结合

归根结底，这些变位，主要是针对构成被动语态所需的“be动词”的变位，所以也是很有规律的

• 时态举例

  The rabbit has eaten the carrot.

  被动：The carrot has been eaten by the rabbit.

  否定：The carrot has not been eaten by the rabbit.

  一般疑问：Has the carrot been eaten by the rabbit?

• 语气举例

  The rabbit would have eaten the carrot.

  被动：The carrot would have been eaten by the rabbit.

  否定：The carrot would have not been eaten by the rabbit.

  一般疑问：Would the carrot have been eaten by the rabbit?

• 情态动词

  The rabbit might eat the carrot.

  被动：The carrot might been eaten by the rabbit.

  否定：The carrot might not been eaten by the rabbit.

  一般疑问：Might the carrot been eaten by the rabbit?