目录

23_语态

笔记向,文章内容源自视频:英语语法精讲合集 (全面, 通俗, 有趣 | 从零打造系统语法体系)

[TOC]

语态主要分为两种

  • 主动语态,强调动作执行者
  • 被动语态,强调动作承受者

被动语态构成

被动语态的构成是通过谓语动词的变化完成,接下来通过5种基本句型来看被动语态是怎么构成的

  • 主语+动词

    The rabbit slept.

    sleep是不及物动词,没有动作承受者,所以也没有被动语态

  • 主语+动词+宾语

    The rabbit ate the carrot.

    The rabbit 是动作ate的执行者,the carrot是动作ate的承受者,改成被动语态就是强调动作的承受者:

    The carrot was eaten by the rabbit.

    被动语态:be + 动词过去分词

    如果还需要表明动作的执行者是谁,则要加by:be + 动词过去分词 + by + 动作执行者

    很多情况下,无需表明“被谁…”这一概念,例如:A carrot was eaten. 这个和 过去分词作表语 The rabbit was frightened. (可以理解成The rabbit was frightened by the wolf),所以过去分词表被动的意义和被动语态脱不了干系。

    被动语态和过去分词作表语的区别主要是以下两点:

    1. 含义不同:被动语态强调动作,重点说明动作由谁完成、怎样完成;而过去分词作表语通常用来描写情景,叙述人或事物的特征及所处的状态。
    2. 用法不同:过去分词作表语时可以被 so,very,too等程度副词修饰,而被动语态则不能用so,very,too修饰,而需用much,very much,so much,too much修饰。

    具体来说:

    1. 过去分词用作表语时,其动作意味很弱,在功能上更接近形容词,它不仅可用于系动词be之后,也可根据需要用于其他系动词之后。如:

      • Be prepared! 大家准备好!

      • Please remain seated. 请不要站起来。

      • He seemed embarrassed. 他似乎有点尴尬。

      • Soon he grew used to it. 不久他变得对它习惯了。

    2. 被动语态中的过去分词动作意味较强,它只能与助动词be(有时可能是get)构成被动结构,不宜用于其他动词之后。如:

      • He was driven away in a police car. 他被用警车带走了。

      • The guests were introduced to Jane. 客人们被介绍给了简。

      • The food was cooked last night. 饭是昨天晚上做的。

      所以如果语义需要,其后可以接表示动作执行者的by短语。如:

      • He was killed by a falling stone. 他被一块掉下来的石头砸死了。
      • This tree was planted by my grandfather. 这棵树是我祖父种的
  • 主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语

    The rabbit gave the wolf the carrot.

    如果要强调间接宾语:The wolf was given the carrot by the rabbit.

    如果要强调直接宾语:The carrot was given to the wolf by the rabbit.

    如果都知道动作执行者是the rabbit,也可以省略by+动作执行者

    The wolf was given the carrot.

    The carrot was given to the wolf.

  • 主语+动词+宾语+宾语补语

    The wolf invited the rabbit to her party.

    改为被动态:The rabbit was invited to the party by the wolf.

    需要注意主动态中宾语是裸不定式改成被动态需要将to还原,所以有:

    The rabbit made the wolf laugh. => The wolf was made to laugh by the rabbit.

  • 主语+动词(系动词)+主语补语(表语)

    The rabbit is smart.

    没有动作承受者,也就没有被动语态

更复杂的被动态

被动态和时态,语气,情态动词相结合

归根结底,这些变位,主要是针对构成被动语态所需的“be动词”的变位,所以也是很有规律的

  • 时态举例

    The rabbit has eaten the carrot.

    被动:The carrot has been eaten by the rabbit.

    否定:The carrot has not been eaten by the rabbit.

    一般疑问:Has the carrot been eaten by the rabbit?

  • 语气举例

    The rabbit would have eaten the carrot.

    被动:The carrot would have been eaten by the rabbit.

    否定:The carrot would have not been eaten by the rabbit.

    一般疑问:Would the carrot have been eaten by the rabbit?

  • 情态动词

    The rabbit might eat the carrot.

    被动:The carrot might been eaten by the rabbit.

    否定:The carrot might not been eaten by the rabbit.

    一般疑问:Might the carrot been eaten by the rabbit?