17_副词
笔记向,文章内容源自视频:英语语法精讲合集 (全面, 通俗, 有趣 | 从零打造系统语法体系)
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副词的用法
副词修饰哪些词性
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副词修饰动词
This rabbit runs fast.
注意区分This is a fast rabbit. 虽然两句fast拼写相同,但是词性不同,前者副词,后者形容词
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副词修饰形容词和副词,做进一步说明
This is a very fast rabbit.
This rabbit runs very fast.
举一反三:very good/ very well
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副词不能修饰名词,This rabbit here runs very fast. 这儿的here不是副词,而是形容词,见韦氏词典
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副词修饰句子
Obviously,this rabbit here runs very fast. Obviously修饰后面整个句子
副词在句中作什么成分
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状语
从句子成分上说,副词通常作状语,下面两个句子中加粗单词均为状语
This is a very fast rabbit.
Obviously,this rabbit here runs very fast.
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表语
The wolf is abroad.
注意,这样的做表语的副词只能用在(变位的)系动词be之后
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宾语补语
Let me in/out. 这里的in/out可不是介词,而是副词
副词的形式
副词的形式不复杂,通常和相应形容词拼写一致,或加词尾-ly(或去词尾e加-ly),但是也有以下可能性
这个不是所有的形容词都可以转化为副词。有些形容词转化为副词没有实际应用价值。比如很多表示品质的形容词,如lovely。
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同拼写,同义/近义
adj:This is a fast rabbit.
adv:This rabbit runs fast.
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同拼写,异义
pretty,adj.漂亮的,adv.相当,挺
adj:This is a pretty rabbit.
adv:This is a pretty smart rabbit
This is a fairly pretty wolf. 这是只相当漂亮的狼
可以看到形容词和副词拼写相同,但是意义不一定相同
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副词=形容词+ly,同义/近义
adj:This is a quick rabbit.
adv:This rabbit runs quickly.
有些时候为了读音的需要,有些形容词词尾e会被去除,如:
possible/possibly,true/truly
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副词=形容词+ly,异义
large adj.大的,largely adv.基本上;总体上
adj:This is a large rabbit.
adv:I largely only eat rabbits.
副词的种类
方式副词
方式副词用于描述某事发生的方式,常可回答how引导的问句。
- 由形容词加后缀?ly构成的词。如:badly(严重地,非常),slowiy(慢慢地),politely(有礼貌地),proudly(骄傲地),carelessly(粗心地),properly(适当地,完全地),successfully(成功地),happily(高兴地),angrily(生气地,愤怒地)等。
- 由分词加后缀?ly构成的词。如:surprisingly(使人惊奇的是),hurriedly(匆忙地),undoubtedly(无疑,必定),等。
- 其他方式副词。如:high(高),wide(宽),deep(深),close(近,接近)hard 刻苦 well 好 等,其中有些和形容词同形。
- 具有两种形式的方式副词。如:high(高)/highly(高高地,非常),wide(宽)/widely(广泛地),deep(深)/deeply(深入地,深深。
方式副词一般可以位于句首、句中或句尾,比如:
- Suddenly, the driver turned left.
- The driver suddenly truned left.
- The driver turned left suddenly.
但是,并不是所有方式副词都可以位置随意,如前面的fast如果放在句首或者句中就会非常奇怪
程度副词
如前面例句:This is a very fast rabbit. / The rabbit runs very fast.
这两句中的very描述了有多快,即快的程度,所以属于“程度副词”,程度副词一般位于它修饰的形容词或者副词之前。
地点副词
The rabbit eats carrots indoors/outdoors. 在室内/在室外
The rabbit eats carrots upstairs/downstairs. 在楼上/在楼下
这些副词限定了地点,表明兔子习惯在哪儿吃胡萝卜,所以这些副词属于“地点副词”,地点副词一般放在句尾,但某些情况也可放在句首表示强调,比如:
Here you can relax and forget about all your troubles.
时间副词
- The rabbit ate some carrots yesterday.
- The rabbit is eating some carrots now.
- The rabbit will eat some carrots later.
这些副词表明兔子在什么时间吃胡萝卜,所以属于“时间副词”,时间副词一般出现在句尾,但有时会放到句首或句中,如:
The rabbit has already eaten some carrots. 这兔子已经吃了些胡萝卜
already含有“想不到某事竟然已经发生了”或“以为某事会晚一些发生”的意味
频率副词
- The rabbit eats carrots every day.
- Sometimes, the rabbit eats carrots.
- The rabbit usually eats carrots.
- The rabbit eats carrots three times a day.
大部分频率副词都位于行为动词之前,be动词,助动词,情态动词之后,如:And I will always love you.
疑问副词
用来构成特殊疑问句的副词,如果我们要对the rabbit eats carrots这一行为提问,就有以下可能
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对方式提问
How does the rabbit eat carrots?
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对地点提问
Where does the rabbit eat carrots?
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对时间提问
When does the rabbit eat carrots?
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对原因提问
Why does the rabbit eat carrots?
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how often常对频率提问,但不是疑问副词,因为how often不是一个单词啊,how 是疑问副词
How often does the rabbit eat carrots?
连接副词
引导名词性从句的副词
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How the rabbit eats carrots is interesting.
how引导主语从句
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I don’t know where the rabbit eats carrots.
where引导宾语从句
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That is why the rabbit eats carrots.
why引导表语从句
关系副词
引导形容词性从句
- This is the place where the rabbit ate the carrot.
- This is the reason why the rabbit ate the carrot.
- That was the day when the rabbit ate the carrot for the first time.
句子副词
句子副词一般在句子开头,用逗号和主句分开
Obviously,this rabbit here runs very fast.